Tissue engineering Archives

July 28, 2022

How microgels are used in regenerative medicine?

Microgels are hydrogel particles that can be used in tissue engineering due to their unique properties, such as high water content and the ability to encapsulate bioactive factors. These microparticles provide a high surface area that facilitates better cell growth, nutrient transfer, and improved cell interactions. They can be used independently or incorporated into a larger "carrier" hydrogel system. Due to their injectability, they're useful in non-invasive surgical procedures. Microgels can also serve as inks in 3D and 4D bioprinting, creating scaffolds for cells either before or after printing.

July 21, 2022

A magnetically orientable microgel for tissue regenerationlife

Researchers at the DWI – Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany have developed injectable microgels that can be magnetically oriented within a larger hydrogel to regenerate various types of tissue. The team began by functionalizing a material called six-arm poly(ethylene oxide-stat-propylene oxide) with acrylate groups, which can be broken down and removed by the kidney. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which can align to an applied magnetic field, were mixed into the functionalized material. The team then crosslinked this mixture with UV-light to form microgels. To increase the contact surface with cells, a peptide containing the RGD sequence, a focal adhesion point for cells, was grafted onto the microgels. This innovative strategy provides a promising tool for tissue regeneration.

June 29, 2022

Machine learning for gel time prediction of living hydrogels

The development of tissue engineering products faces challenges due to the variety of biomaterials available and their dynamic properties once implanted. A recent study used artificial intelligence (AI) to help address this problem. The researchers created a system that automates the prediction of gelation time (when a liquid solution becomes a hydrogel) for different formulations. The hydrogels were composed of silk, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), hydrogen peroxide, and bacterial cells. They utilized differential dynamic microscopy (DDM) to identify gelation time and machine learning (ML) to predict the gelation time of different hydrogel compositions. This allowed them to streamline the process of finding hydrogel formulations with specific properties.

May 31, 2022

Why is 4D bioprinting important in life sciences?

4D bioprinting introduces "time" as the fourth dimension, enabling printed objects to change over time. Physical stimuli like light, temperature, or magnetism can induce transformations. The bioprinting process can also allow targeted drug release through changes in temperature or pH. Nano-hydrogels can serve as drug carriers, directed by magnetic fields, and can be quickly degraded by enzymes. Furthermore, hydrogels can react to biological signals, aiding in tumor treatment by releasing drugs then biodegrading over time.

May 19, 2022

A 4D bioink for dynamic 4D engineered tissues

4D-bioprinting introduces "time" into the printing process, allowing printed structures to evolve. Researchers from the University of Illinois Chicago used oxidized and methacrylated alginate (OMA) to develop a bioink for 4D bioprinting. They made OMA into precursor beads, then transformed them into a "microgel" that could be easily printed into stable 3D constructs. Mixed with cells, the microgel became a bioink, which was printed into complex structures. The printed constructs could be further crosslinked to create 3D scaffolds that could change shape due to differential swelling, adding the 4th dimension, "time," to the printing process.

April 21, 2022

How 3D printing technologies are used in tissue engineering ?

3D-bioprinting involves printing a biomaterial or 'bioink' that contains cells, forming structures similar to living tissues. The process requires careful optimization to ensure the material holds its shape and function, and that the cells survive the printing process. Current bioprinting techniques, such as extrusion, inkjet and laser-assisted bioprinting, come with their own advantages and limitations. The ultimate goal is to bring in vitro bioprinting into the operating room, overcoming challenges like sterility, regulation, and ethical considerations.

March 31, 2022

Controlling the molecular structure in 3D printed biomaterials

Recent advancements in 3D-bioprinting have opened the possibility of creating engineered tissues mimicking human native tissues. However, reproducing the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and microscopic architecture within the biomaterial ink remains challenging. To tackle this, a research group from the AO Research Institute Davos developed a bioink containing both collagen type 1 and tyramine derivative hyaluronan for tissue engineering. They used optimal concentrations of these two components, along with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Two crosslinking pathways were used to induce gelation and create a 3D scaffold that was then printed using the bioink's shear-thinning properties. They successfully printed an anisotropic hydrogel, achieving control over the microscopic organization of the matrix. This breakthrough could pave the way for better mimicry of native human tissues, especially anisotropic ones, in tissue engineering applications.

January 12, 2022

Tuning the mechanical properties of cell-laden alginate constructs

Dr. Daniel J. Kelly and his team at Trinity College Dublin researched how changing the formulation of an alginate bioink can alter the mechanical properties of a 3D printed scaffold. Like preparing a sauce, the consistency of a bioink can be adjusted by changing the concentration of its ingredients. However, it's more complex in biomedical research and requires analytical tools for quantification. Alginate, a natural biomaterial from algae, can quickly crosslink in the presence of ions (like Ca2+), forming a cohesive hydrogel with tunable properties. This makes it an ideal bioink for 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering and drug delivery.

December 9, 2021

On the decellularization of organs to produce tissue-specific extracellular matrices for tissue engineering

Decellularization is a process that removes cellular components from organs, leaving behind the extracellular matrix (ECM). This ECM, composed of proteins, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins, serves as a natural scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Decellularization can be achieved through chemical, physical, or biological methods. The resulting decellularized ECM, known as dECM, can be utilized to create hydrogels, bioinks, or coatings for enhancing cell adhesion and tissue regeneration.